From ‘A New Grammar Companion For Teachers’
Beverly Derewianka
| Time | |
|
When? (Point in time) |
I’ll see you at eight o’clock. He’s got an appointment in the morning. She sprained her ankle yesterday. We’re going over there now. |
|
How long? (Duration in time) |
I haven’t seen him for ages. That film lasted forever. During this period he was unemployed. |
|
How many times? (Frequency) |
We play tennis every Saturday. They regularly visit his mother. On weekdays she catches the bus. We often see him at the club. |
| Place | |
|
Where? (Point in space) |
I’ll see you there. Place eggs in the bowl. He snuggled under the warm blankets. |
|
Where to/ from? (Direction) |
He was walking backwards. They drove towards the village. |
| How far? (Distance) | We walked for miles. |
| Manner | |
|
How? (Quality) |
Slowly, she made her way through the crowd. The singers performed well. |
| By what means? (Means) |
Beat the mixture with a fork. They travelled by train. |
|
What like? (Comparison) |
She laughed like a hyena. Unlike her mother, she enjoyed reading. |
|
How much? (Degree) |
To a large extent they only had themselves to blame. She always pays too much. She loved him deeply. |
| Accompaniment | |
|
Who/what with? (In the company of) |
She went to the dentist alone. Together they fought for justice. He left with Susan. |
|
And who/what else? (In addition) |
There was blancmange as well as jelly. Besides her best friend, no-one knew her secret. The children cleaned up instead of their mother. |
| Matter | |
|
What about? (Topic) |
Regarding your question, can you put it in writing? They talked all night about the situation. |
| Cause | |
|
Why? (Reason) |
Due to poor visibility, the flight will be cancelled. As a result of her illness, she was unable to continue. They invited her out of pity. |
|
Why? What for? (Purpose) |
He was making lasagne for dinner. She went to the party in the hope of seeing him. |
| Who for? (Behalf) |
I wanted to thank you on our behalf. Mick laid the table for his mother. |
| Contingency | |
|
What if…? (Condition) |
In case of cancellation, tickets will be refunded. In the event of a draw, there will be a penalty shootout. |
|
Although…? (Concession) |
Beached whale dies, despite recue attempts. They let him play in spite of their misgivings. |
| Role | |
|
What as? (Guise) |
As an expert in the field, she was often asked for her opinion. In his role as president, he chaired the meeting. |
| Angle | |
|
According to whom? (Source) |
In the words of Martin Luther King Jr., a right delayed is a right denied. According to you, I’m difficult. |
|
In whose view? (Viewpoint) |
In my opinion, she could do much better. From the customer’s perspective, it’s a legitimate gripe. |
